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What causes headaches !
Mike A.
Wilmington, Del.
Dawn A. Marcus, an associate professor at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine’s department of anesthesiology, explains.
When experiencing a severe, throbbing headache, a person often places his hands on both sides of his head and claims, “It feels like my brain is pushing to get out, so it feels better to hold it in.” This sensation gives a false impression that the brain itself is enlarging and causing the pain sensation. Interestingly, brain tissue does not feel pain in the same way skin or other organs do. Because the brain is encased in a hard protective covering, it has not developed to respond to touch or pressure sensations like other, more exposed parts of our bodies have. Indeed, a brain surgeon can actually cut brain tissue in an awake patient without the patient feeling the knife.
(Disponível em: Acesso em: 06 ago. 2004.)
1.According to the text
a) For many people, a way to relieve an intense headache is by placing their hands on both sides of the head.
b) Most headaches are caused by an enlargment of the brain.
c) Skin and other organs do not feel as much pain as brain tissue does.
d) Brain surgeons have successfully cut brain tissue in awake patients for headache treatments.
e) Skin does not respond to touch or pressure sensations.
2.In the sentence “This sensation gives a false impression that the brain itself is enlarging and causing the pain sensation” the underlined words refer to:
a) the sensation that the headache is severe.
b) the sensation that placing hands on both sides of the head can increase pain.
c) the sensation that the brain is pushing to get out.
d) the sensation of relief after overcoming pain.
e) the sensation that it feels better to hold the brain in.
3.In the sentence “Because the brain is encased in a hard, protective covering, it has not developed to respond to touch or pressure…” the underlined word can be replaced by:
a) Even though
b) Whereas
c) While
d) Only if
e) since
4.In the sentence “Indeed, a brain surgeon can actually cut brain tissue…” the underlined word can be replaced by:
a) Nevertheless
b) In fact
c) However
d) Moreover
e) Whatever
Battle over Texas sexed textbooks
Texas educators are debating what will be taught in new sexual education textbooks for its high school students. The 15-member Texas Board of Education is considering and will likely approve four books, all of which extol the virtues of abstinence. Three make no mention of contraceptives at all while one makes passing reference to condoms.
Critics are crying foul, saying that a lesson of abstinence alone is dangerous because it could lead to more teen pregnancies and more teens becoming infected with sexually transmitted diseases.
The battle in Texas has national implications because the state is the second-biggest market for textbooks in the United States. Books approved by the state’s school board are typically marketed nationally.
According to Centers for Disease Control figures, Texas has been among the top five states in the country for teenage pregnancies for several years.
When he was governor of Texas, George W. Bush pushed for abstinence-based sexual education curriculum. He raised his concerns to a national level when he said in this year’s State of the Union address: “We will double federal funding for abstinence programs so schools can teach this fact of life: Abstinence for young people is the only certain way to avoid sexually transmitted diseases.”
National surveys indicate that a wide majority of parents support a strong abstinence message to teens in sexual education. The Texas Freedom Network, a group that regularly battles social and religious conservatives in the state, along with Planned Parenthood and others are asking the board not to approve the four textbooks under consideration.
(Disponível em: Acesso em: 06 ago. 2004.)
5.According to the text:
a) The sexual education textbooks that the Texas Board of Education will probably approve contain detailed information about contraceptives such as condoms.
b) High school students are engaged in a debate about the sexual education textbooks that are going to be used in schools in Texas.
c) The Texas Board of Education has little concern about the new sexual education textbooks high school students will be using.
d) The only safe sex is no sex; may become the lesson for Texas teens and for the rest of the US.
e) None of the new sexual education textbooks has information on contraceptives.
6.According to the text:
a) George W. Bush has been in favor of a curriculum that supports abstinence among teenagers.
b) George W. Bush does not want the new sexual education textbooks to get approval because they are too conservative.
c) In his State of the Union address, George W. Bush aimed at promoting the general welfare of children from all over the world.
d) George W. Bush thinks there should be fewer federal investments to avoid sexually transmitted diseases.
e) George W. Bush believes that the main contraceptive methods should be included in school curriculum all over the US.
7.The four textbooks likely to be approved
a) advise that a good way a teenager can prevent sexually transmitted diseases is to get plenty of rest.
b) contain almost no information about the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases other than through abstinence.
c) indicate the necessity of conducting national surveys to investigate if parents support the idea of teaching abstinence.
d) have the support of The Texas Freedom Network, which is a conservative religious group.
e) offer comprehensive detail about teenage pregnancies in Texas in the last few years.
8.Consider the following items:
I. Texas educators are analyzing textbooks on sexual education that are to be adopted in high schools in the state.
II. The members of the Texas Board of Education show a tendency to approve books which have a conservative view.
III. The State of Texas is the leader of teenage pregnancy in the United States.
IV. George W. Bush favors sexual education based on abstinence.
V. Most parents are against Bush’s position about sexual education in high schools.
According to the text, which alternative is correct?
a) Only items I, II and IV are correct.
b) Only items I, III and V are correct.
c) Only items II, IV and V are correct.
d) Only items III, IV and V are correct.
e) Only items I, II and III are correct.