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Insomnia
Insomnia is the most common of all sleep complaints. Almost everyone has occasional sleepless nights, perhaps due to stress, heartburn or drinking too much caffeine or alcohol. Insomnia is a lack of sleep that occurs on a regular or frequent basis, often for no apparent reason.
How much sleep is enough varies. Although7½ hours of sleep is about average, some people do fine on 4 or 5 hours of sleep. Other people need 9 or 10 hours a night.
Inability to get a good night’s sleep can affect not only your energy level and mood but your health as well because sleep helps bolster your immune system. Fatigue, at any age, leads to diminished mental alertness and concentration. Lack of sleep is linked to accidents both on the road and on the job.
About one out of three people have insomnia sometime in their life. Sleeplessness may be temporary or chronic. You don’t necessarily have to live with sleepless nights. Some simple changes in your daily routine and habits may result in better sleep.
(Disponível em: Acesso em 11 abr. 2003.)
De acordo com o texto, a quantidade suficiente de sono:
01) é em média de 7 horas e meia.
02) varia conforme o horário.
04) é de 4 ou 5 horas para as pessoas que gozam de boa saúde.
08) é de 9 ou 10 horas quando o sono é noturno.
16) varia de pessoa para pessoa.
Which consequences of lack of sleep are mentioned in the text?
01) tiredness
02) health disorders
04) difficulty in concentration
08) overexcitment
16) improvement of the immune system
According to the text:
01) A large number of people suffer from occasional sleepless nights.
02) Temporary insomnia will necessarily lead to chronic sleepless nights.
04) Changing some everyday habits can be a step to improve sleep quality.
08) Sleeplessness is related to people who are unable to sleep more than 4 or 5 hours a night.
16) It is extremely complicated to get rid of insomnia.
32) Sleep-related disorders become more common with age.
The text contains information on:
01) some factors that may affect a person’s sleep.
02) the activities that help promote a good night’s sleep.
04) the proportion of people who suffer from insomnia.
08) the different intellectual activities which may keep a person’s mind too busy to sleep.
16) the effects of sleep problems on people’s body and mind.
Geniuses, Criminals Do Best Work in Their 30s
Wed July 9, 2003
LONDON (Reuters) – Geniuses and criminals may not seem to have much in common but they both do their best work in their 30s – and mainly to impress the opposite sex.
When Satoshi Kanazawa, of the University of Canterbury in New Zealand, studied biographies of prominent, mostly male scientists he discovered that they made their key discovery before their mid 30s, around the same age that criminal behavior peaks.
He believes the male competitive urge to attract females is a driving force for the scientific and criminal achievements, according to New Scientist magazine.
“They do whatever they do in order to get laid,” said Kanazawa.
He added that the competitive drive decreases with age and as men’s priority shifts from competing for women to taking care of their offspring.
“Kanazawa also found out that marriage dampens the drive in both arenas,” the magazine added.
(Disponível em: Acesso em 10 jul. 2003.
According to the text, Satoshi Kanazawa
01) investigated the life of male scientists; no female scientists were included.
02) discovered that scientists do their best findings before they are around 35 years old.
04) found out criminals commit fewer crimes when they are in their 30s.
08) studied the lives of very noticeable scientists.
16) spent 30 years comparing biographies of scientists and criminals.
The text contains information on:
01) the amount of work done by scientists and criminals in their 30’s.
02) the main differences between scientists and criminals.
04) what geniuses and criminals have in common.
08) at what age range scientists and criminals do their best work.
16) why scientists and criminals do their best work at a specific age range.
I Male contraceptive ‘100% effective’
Scientists have developed a male contraceptive which was 100% effective and side-effect free in trials.
The treatment is a combination of an implant containing the male sex hormone testosterone, which was replaced every four months, and a three-monthly injection of a progestin, a hormone used in female contraceptive pills.
Researchers from Anzac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia, gave the treatment to a sample of 55 men for a year and none of their partners became pregnant. However, it will be some time before the treatment is widely available.
Liz Davies, of Marie Stopes International, told the BBC: “We welcome any advance in contraception, and particularly those that broaden the options for men to take responsibility.”
Professor David Handelsman, who led the research, said: “This is the first time a reversible male contraceptive that will suppress sperm production reliably and reversibly has been fully tested by couples. Previous attempts to develop an effective and convenient male contraceptive have encountered problems over reliability and side effects, such as mood swings and a lowered sex drive.
(Disponível em: Acesso em 06 out. 2003.)
According to the text, the new contraceptive:
01) has produced no side-effects during the time it was being tested.
02) has presented no effect other than the primary effect it was prescribed for.
04) has had minor collateral effects.
08) has had some side-effects which were partly overcome during the process of testing it.
16) has had a few side-effects.
De acordo com o professor David Handelsman, é correto afirmar:
01) É a primeira vez que um contraceptivo que suprime a produção de esperma de maneira segura foi testado por casais.
02) Um efeito colateral dos tipos de contraceptivos anteriormente testados é a oscilação da temperatura corporal.
04) Um dos efeitos colaterais de contraceptivos anteriormente testados é a diminuição do desejo sexual.
08) O novo contraceptivo ainda não foi totalmente testado em casais.
16) Anteriormente houve tentativas frustradas de desenvolver contraceptivos que pudessem ser usados exclusivamente por homens.
De acordo com o texto, é correto afirmar:
01) 55 homens submeteram-se aos testes com o novo contraceptivo pelo período de um ano.
02) O tratamento já está amplamente disponível para todos que desejem utilizá-lo.
04) O novo contraceptivo pode ser usado por homens e mulheres em idade fértil.
08) Não foi verificada nenhuma gravidez durante o período de teste do tratamento.
16) O tratamento foi feito por pesquisadores de uma universidade americana.
The text contains information on:
01) the number of subjects who were given the treatment.
02) the name of the research leader.
04) the number of previous attempts to develop a reliable male contraceptive.
08) how long the treatment was conducted.
16) the age of the men who have undergone the treatment.